Regional archaeological survey involves identifying archaeological traces and sites that can provide a good picture about inter and extra cultural relationships in the region. However, Systematic Sampling involves dividing the survey area into a Sampling frame that gives us details data and information from the sit. Since the Khorasan area is poorly studied in the prehistoric period, we chose Tappeh Borj which is located near Nishapur for stratified Systematic Sampling in order to get better understanding about cultural and archaeological characteristics on the site and the region. In the following we will mention the results of typology and classification of archaeological findings. Based on the archaeological evidence, we would argue that there was a local culture in the site because there is no significant correlation with neighboring areas.

The rapid emergence of the SARS-COV-2 virus and its variants has shown the importance of the transmission of infectious diseases through bioaerosols. Bioaerosols are airborne particles that contain microorganisms or biological materials derived from living organisms. The ability of viruses to become airborne plays an important role in their spread. A total of 542 articles were collected for this study through searches in the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using the selected keywords in the titles and abstracts of articles. Subsequently, all articles were screened based on their titles, abstracts, and the study objective, and 105 articles were selected for this Systematic review. This study aimed to investigate the advantages and limitations of previously reported methods used for Sampling airborne viruses, especially the new coronavirus. The authors investigated more than 100 articles focused on Sampling and evaluation of airborne viruses, characteristics, and factors that affect the accuracy and precision of Sampling methods. To date, many methods have been proposed for Sampling airborne viruses, including liquid impingers, impactors, filters, and electrostatic precipitators. The efficiency and effectiveness of these virus Sampling methods can be affected by such factors as the aerodynamic diameter of viruses, challenges related to the quantification of sampled viruses, the impossibility of differentiating between active and inactive viruses in the collected samples, the possibility of damage/inactivation during Sampling and analysis, and other environmental factors. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages that limit their application.

Background and purpose: Low back pain (LBP) is a common and costly problem during pregnancy and assumes to be a part of normal pregnancy caused by normal physiological changes. Pregnancy-related LBP is one of the main reasons for disability, absence from work and responsible for huge direct and indirect economical impact.  This article Systematically reviews papers concerning the epidemiology and risk factors on LBP in pregnant women.  Materials and methods: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Rose-Net, OVID, and BIDS were searched for the period of 1985-2003, using the key words 'low back pain', 'epidemiology', 'pregnancy', 'risk factors'. In addition, references given in relevant publications were used. Results: Eighteen studies were identified. Eleven studies investigated epidemiology of LBP during pregnancy and the prevalence were reported >50% in 8 (73%) studies.  Ten studies were carried out on the epidemiology of LBP after pregnancy.  The prevalence of LBP were reported >40% in 6 (60%) studies.  Among different reported risk factors, previous LBP as well as younger age were the most important risk factors. Conclusion: Although there were some methodological flaws (e.g., small sample size of the study population, lack of clear classification and definition for LBP, different study design, different methods of study implementation, etc.) which precludes strong conclusion, it appears that LBP is one of the most common problem, during pregnancy and after delivery. It should also be noted that education and certain exercises can be beneficial to the pregnant women in the absence of medical complications.

Background: Successful clinical decisions are the outcome of a complex process. In making them, we draw on information from scientific evidences, our personal experience and external rules and constraints. Considering that the explosive increase in the amount and quality of the scientific evidence that has come from both the laboratory bench and the bedside, we may lack the time, motivation, and basic skills needed to find, critically appraise, and synthesize information. Fortunately, Systematic reviews help us and answer sharply defined clinical questions. This article deals with two questions; a: what is a Systematic review and, b: how should we organize it? Methods: We searched MEDLINE database with search terms of Systematic review and narrative review, restricted to English language, without time limitation. Then we selected those articles written by renowned experts. Results: There are two types of review articles: narrative review and Systematic review. Narrative review has been the conventional method for writing review articles; since it is subjective, it may be subject to error and bias; in areas where there is lack or paucity of evidence, the narrative review may still be the best writing method. Systematic review is the precise, Systematic and classified method of reviewing the existing data and evidences. It is objective, constructive and comprehensive and has much less error and bias than the narrative review.Conclusion: Systematic reviews are thus a vital link in the great chain of evidence that stretches from the laboratory bench to the bedside. It is absolutely essential for targeting these goals, for writing a Systematic review, a fully trained team with an expert leader and a precise protocol is essential.

The main pre-request of the forest management and planning program is the availability of quantitative and qualitative data from forest structure. Therefore, the forest inventory plays a vital role in the estimation of the current status and future planning. In this study, spatial pattern of trees in Gorazbon section of Kheyroud forest in northern Iran was simulated to compare the random Systematic Sampling and complete random Systematic Sampling method based on the full calipering method. By using the Arc GIS software, the spatial pattern of forest trees was simulated. Buffer function was used to calculate the random Systematic Sampling and complete random Systematic Sampling method based on the full calipering method. In order to compare random Systematic Sampling with full calipering single-sample, a t-test was used. The results showed that there was no significant difference between random Systematic Sampling and full calipering method to estimate the average diameter of Alnus, Fagus orientalis, and Tilia begonifolia. However, there was a significant difference between two methods in the estimation of average diameter of Carpinus orientalis and Quercus persica. The results of T-test revealed that there is no significant difference between Alnus and Tilia begonifolia but significant difference was observed between the trees of the Fagus orientalis, Carpinus orientalis, and Quercus persica. In addition, paired t-test was used to compare the random Systematic Sampling and complete random Systematic Sampling method. Results showed that there is no significant difference between random Systematic Sampling and complete random Systematic Sampling method.

This article introduces a dual problem of widely used calibration ratio-type estimators for estimating population mean of the study variable considering auxiliary information under dual constraints using stratified Systematic Sampling design. Under large sample approximations, the expression for bias and variance of the proposed estimator are derived. In addition, the optimality condition for the proposed estimator and hence optimum variance expression is also obtained for the same. Moreover, a study based on real-life data is carried out to judge the performance of the proposed calibration estimator in terms of minimum relative bias and relative root mean squared error criterion. The study reveals that the calibration ratio-type estimator under dual constraints may be preferred in practice as it provides consistent and more precise parameter estimates.

We assessed the accuracy of two Sampling methods by comparing their estimations to Full Calipering (FC). The two methods included 1000-m2 Systematic random (SR) Sampling plots designed within a 150×200 m grid, and a cluster Sampling (CS) method with 7500-m2 clusters each embracing 4 plots of 1875 m2 each. Full calipering was performed in 4 parcels of 116 ha each. The inventory resulted in total 40239 trees measured in 40 SR plots (Sampling intensity=9.7%) as well as 56 plots within 14 clusters of in CS approach (Sampling intensity=3.44%). Results from CS method were associated with optimum accuracy for tree density and forest structure. The CS method returned results closer to the FC when estimating the beech- and hornbeam-specific no. of trees per ha and their distribution in diameter classes and in parcels. The Maximum trees diameter of 165, 110 and 125 cm were recorded for FC, SR and CS approaches, respectively. Conclusively, this study suggests a forest type and species-specific stratification to be performed prior to each parcel-based inventory. In addition, sample size should be determined on a forest type-specific basis, ideally distributed within a CS design with 1900 to 2000-m2 plot sizes.